Although Faulkner School When He Was Young He Did Like to Read He Therefore Educated Himself

American writer (1897–1962)

William Faulkner
Faulkner in 1954, photographed past Carl Van Vechten
Born	William Cuthbert Falkner (1897-09-25)September 25, 1897 New Albany, Mississippi, U.S.
Died	July vi, 1962(1962-07-06) (aged 64) Byhalia, Mississippi, U.S.
Language	English
Nationality	American
Alma mater	University of Mississippi
Menstruation	1919–1962
Notable works	The Audio and the Fury As I Lay Dying Calorie-free in August Absalom, Absalom! A Rose for Emily The Bear
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Literature (1949) Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1955, 1963) National Volume Honour (1951, 1955)
Spouse	Estelle Oldham ​ (k. )​
Signature

William Cuthbert Faulkner (;^{[i] [ii]} September 25, 1897 – July half dozen, 1962) was an American writer known for his novels and brusque stories set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, based on Lafayette County, Mississippi, where Faulkner spent nigh of his life. Faulkner is one of the most celebrated writers of American literature, and is widely considered i of the best writers of Southern literature.

Born in New Albany, Mississippi, Faulkner's family moved to Oxford, Mississippi when he was a immature child. With the outbreak of World War I, he joined the Regal Canadian Air Force but he did not serve in combat. Returning to Oxford, he attended the Academy of Mississippi for 3 semesters before dropping out. He then moved to New Orleans, where he wrote his start novel Soldiers' Pay (1925). Returning to Oxford, he wrote Sartoris (1927), his first work which is set in Yoknapatawpha County. In 1929, he published The Sound and the Fury. The following year, he wrote As I Lay Dying. Seeking greater economic success, he went to Hollywood to piece of work as a screenwriter.

Faulkner's renown reached its superlative upon the publication of Malcolm Cowley's The Portable Faulkner and his 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature, making him the only Mississippi-born Nobel laureate. Two of his works, A Fable (1954) and his last novel The Reivers (1962), won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.^[3] His economic success allowed him to purchase an estate in Oxford, Rowan Oak. Faulkner died from a center attack on July half-dozen, 1962 related to a autumn from his horse the prior calendar month.

In 1998, the Modern Library ranked his 1929 novel The Sound and the Fury sixth on its list of the 100 best English-linguistic communication novels of the 20th century; also on the list were As I Lay Dying (1930) and Light in August (1932). Absalom, Absalom! (1936) appears on similar lists.

Life [edit]

Childhood and heritage [edit]

William Cuthbert Falkner was born on September 25, 1897 in New Albany, Mississippi,^[4] the first of four sons of Murry Cuthbert Falkner (August 17, 1870 – August vii, 1932) and Maud Butler (November 27, 1871 – October 16, 1960).^[5] His family was upper heart-form, "not quite of the old feudal cotton elite".^[6] Soon after his first birthday, his family moved to Ripley, Mississippi, where his father worked equally the treasurer for the family-owned Gulf & Chicago Railroad Visitor.^[7] Murry hoped to inherit the railroad from his male parent, John Wesley Thompson Falkner, but John had footling confidence in Murry's ability to run a business organization and sold information technology. Following the sale of the railroad business organisation, Murry proposed a program to get a new get-go for his family unit by moving to Texas to become a rancher. Maud disagreed with this proposition,^[8] and they moved instead to Oxford, Mississippi in 1902,^[nine] where Murry's male parent endemic several businesses, making information technology like shooting fish in a barrel for Murry to find work.^[10] Thus, four days prior to William'southward 5th birthday, the Falkner family settled in Oxford, where he lived on and off for the rest of his life.^{[5] [11]} Afterward xv years in Oxford, Faulkner's father became the business manager of the Academy of Mississippi.^[12]

His family, particularly his mother Maud, his maternal grandmother Lelia Butler, and Caroline "Callie" Barr (the African American nanny who raised him from infancy) influenced the development of Falkner'south artistic imagination. Both his mother and his grandmother were avid readers as well equally painters and photographers, educating him in visual language. While Murry enjoyed the outdoors and encouraged his sons to chase, track, and fish, Maud valued education and took pleasure in reading and going to church. She taught her sons to read before she sent them to public school and she also exposed them to literary classics such as the works of Charles Dickens and the Grimms' Fairy Tales.^[10]

Falkner spent his adolescence listening to stories which were told to him by his elders including stories which were almost the Ceremonious War, slavery, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Falkner family. Falkner'south granddad as well told him almost the exploits of William'southward great-grandfather and namesake, William Clark Falkner, a successful man of affairs, writer, and Confederate hero. Telling stories almost "Quondam Colonel", equally his family called him, had already become something of a family unit pastime when Faulkner was a boy.^[10] According to one of Falkner's biographers, by the time William was born, his bully-grandfather had "long since been enshrined as a household deity."^[xiii]

Young William was profoundly influenced by the history of his family and the region in which he lived. Mississippi marked his sense of humor, his sense of the tragic position of "blackness and white" Americans, his label of Southern characters, and his timeless themes, including fiercely intelligent people who are dwelling behind the façades of good ol' boys and simpletons.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Every bit a schoolchild, Faulkner had success early on. He excelled in the first grade, skipped the second, and did well through the third and fourth grades. However, beginning somewhere in the fourth and fifth grades of his schooling, Falkner became a much quieter and more than withdrawn child. He occasionally played hooky and became somewhat indifferent with regard to his schoolwork. Instead, he took an interest in studying the history of Mississippi on his own time, starting time in the seventh course. The turn down of his performance in school continued, and Falkner wound up repeating the eleventh and 12th grades, never graduating from loftier school.^[x]

Equally a teenager in Oxford, Faulkner dated Estelle Oldham (1897–1972), the popular girl of Major Lemuel and Lida Oldham, and he also believed he would marry her.^[14] Yet, Estelle dated other boys during their romance, and, in 1918, 1 of them, Cornell Franklin (five years Falkner'south senior), proposed marriage to her before Faulkner did. Her parents insisted she marry Franklin for diverse reasons: he was an Ole Miss constabulary graduate, had recently been deputed every bit a major in the Hawaii Army National Baby-sit, and came from a respectable family with whom they were sometime friends.^[15] Estelle'south wedlock to Franklin fell apart ten years after, however, and they divorced in April 1929.^[16]

Trip to the Due north and early on writings [edit]

When he was 17, Faulkner met Phil Stone, who became an of import early influence on his writing. Stone was four years his senior and came from one of Oxford'due south older families; he was passionate about literature and had available'south degrees from Yale and the University of Mississippi. Stone read and was impressed by some of Faulkner'due south early poesy, condign one of the get-go to recognize and encourage Faulkner'due south talent. Stone mentored the young Faulkner, introducing him to the works of writers such as James Joyce, who influenced Faulkner's own writing. In his early 20s, Faulkner gave poems and short stories he had written to Stone in hopes of their beingness published. Stone sent these to publishers, but they were uniformly rejected.^[17] In spring 1918, Faulkner traveled to live with Stone at Yale, his showtime trip northward.^[xviii]

Although he initially planned to join the British Ground forces in hopes of being deputed every bit an officer,^[nineteen] Faulkner joined the Canadian RAF with a forged letter of reference and left Yale to receive preparation in Toronto.^[xx] Accounts of Faulkner being rejected from the United States Army Air Service due to his short stature, despite broad publication, are simulated.^[21]

Despite his claims, records signal that Faulkner was never really a member of the British Royal Flying Corps and never saw active service during the First World War.^[22] Despite claiming so in his letters, Faulkner did non receive cockpit training or even fly.^[23] Faulkner returned to Oxford in December 1918, where he told acquaintances false war-stories and even faked a war wound.^[24]

In 1918, Faulkner's surname changed from "Falkner" to "Faulkner". Co-ordinate to one story, a devil-may-care typesetter made an error. When the misprint appeared on the championship folio of his first volume, Faulkner was asked whether he wanted the modify. He supposedly replied, "Either style suits me."^[25]

In boyhood, Faulkner began writing verse almost exclusively. He did not write his first novel until 1925. His literary influences are deep and wide. He once stated that he modeled his early writing on the Romantic era in tardily 18th- and early 19th-century England.^[5] He attended the Academy of Mississippi ("Ole Miss") in Oxford, enrolling in 1919, going iii semesters before dropping out in November 1920.^[26] Faulkner joined the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and pursued his dream to become a writer.^{[ citation needed ]}

William was able to nourish classes at the university considering his begetter had a task there as a business manager. He skipped classes often and received a "D" grade in English. Notwithstanding, some of his poems were published in campus publications.^{[17] [27]}

In 1922, his poem "Portrait" was published in the New Orleans literary mag Double Dealer. The magazine published his "New Orleans" brusque story collection three years later.^[28]

New Orleans and early on novels [edit]

During part of his fourth dimension in New Orleans, Faulkner lived in a house in the French Quarter (pictured heart yellow).

Faulkner spent the start half of 1925 in New Orleans, Louisiana, where many bohemian artists and writers lived, specifically in the French Quarter where Faulkner lived get-go in March.^[29] During his time in New Orleans, Faulkner's focus drifted from poesy to prose and his literary way fabricated a marked transition from Victorian to modernist.^[xxx] The Times-Niggling published several of his short works of prose.^[31] Afterward being directly influenced past Sherwood Anderson, he made his first attempt at fiction writing. Anderson assisted in the publication of Soldiers' Pay and Mosquitoes, Faulkner'south second novel, set in New Orleans, past recommending them to his publisher.^[32] The miniature house at 624 Pirate's Alley, just around the corner from St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans, is now the site of Faulkner House Books, where information technology also serves equally the headquarters of the Pirate'southward Aisle Faulkner Society.^[33]

Also in New Orleans, Faulkner wrote his commencement novel, Soldiers' Pay. ^[5] Soldiers' Pay and his other early on works were written in a style similar to contemporaries Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, at times well-nigh exactly appropriating phrases.^[34]

During the summer of 1927, Faulkner wrote his first novel set in his fictional Yoknapatawpha Canton, titled Flags in the Dust. This novel drew heavily from the traditions and history of the South, in which Faulkner had been engrossed in his youth. He was extremely proud of the novel upon its completion and he believed it a meaning step up from his previous two novels—however, when submitted for publication to Boni & Liveright, it was rejected. Faulkner was devastated by this rejection simply he somewhen immune his literary amanuensis, Ben Wasson, to significantly edit the text, and the novel was published in 1929 as Sartoris. ^{[27] [32] [note 1]} The work was notable in that information technology was his showtime novel that dealt with the Civil State of war rather than the contemporary emphasis on World War I and its legacy.^[35]

The Audio and the Fury [edit]

In autumn 1928, just after his 31st altogether, Faulkner began working on The Audio and the Fury. He started by writing iii short stories almost a grouping of children with the last name Compson, but soon began to experience that the characters he had created might be better suited for a full-length novel. Peradventure as a consequence of disappointment in the initial rejection of Flags in the Dust, Faulkner had now become indifferent to his publishers and wrote this novel in a much more experimental fashion. In describing the writing procedure for this piece of work, Faulkner would later say, "One day I seemed to close the door between me and all publisher's addresses and book lists. I said to myself, 'Now I can write.'"^[36] After its completion, Faulkner insisted that Ben Wasson not do any editing or add any punctuation for clarity.^[27]

In 1929, Faulkner married Estelle Oldham, with Andrew Kuhn serving as best man at the nuptials. Estelle brought with her two children from her previous spousal relationship to Cornell Franklin and Faulkner hoped to support his new family unit as a writer. Faulkner and Estelle later had a daughter, Jill, in 1933. He began writing As I Lay Dying in 1929 while working night shifts at the University of Mississippi Power House. The novel would be published in 1930.^[37]

Beginning in 1930, Faulkner sent some of his short stories to various national magazines. Several of these were published and brought him enough income to buy a house in Oxford for his family, which he named Rowan Oak.^[38] He fabricated money on his 1931 novel, Sanctuary, which was widely reviewed and read (but widely disliked for its perceived criticism of the Southward).^{[ citation needed ]} With the onset of the Great Depression, Faulkner was non satisfied with his economic situation. With limited royalties from his piece of work, he published short stories in magazines such as The Sat Evening Post to supplement his income.^[39]

Light in August and foray into Hollywood [edit]

By 1932, Faulkner was in need of money. He asked Wasson to sell the serialization rights for his newly completed novel, Light in August, to a magazine for $5,000, merely none accepted the offer. Then MGM Studios offered Faulkner work every bit a screenwriter in Hollywood. Faulkner was non an avid movie goer and had reservations near working in the movie industry. As André Bleikasten comments, he "was in dire need of coin and had no idea how to get information technology…So he went to Hollywood."^[twoscore] It has been noted that authors like Faulkner were not always hired for their writing prowess but "to enhance the prestige of the …writers who hired them."^[40] He arrived in Culver Urban center, California, in May 1932. The task would begin a sporadic relationship with moviemaking and with California, which was difficult just he endured in order to earn "a consistent bacon that would support his family back home."^[41]

His first screenplay was for Today We Live, an adaptation of his short story "Turnabout", which received a mixed response. He and then wrote a screen accommodation of Sartoris that was never produced.^[39] From 1932 to 1954, Faulkner worked on around l films.^[42]

As Stefan Solomon observes, Faulkner was highly critical of what he constitute in Hollywood, and he wrote letters that were "scathing in tone, painting a miserable portrait of a literary artist imprisoned in a cultural Babylon."^[43] Many scholars accept brought attending to the dilemma he experienced and that the predicament had caused him serious unhappiness.^{[44] [41]} In Hollywood he worked with director Howard Hawks, with whom he quickly developed a friendship, as they both enjoyed drinking and hunting. Howard Hawks' brother, William Hawks, became Faulkner's Hollywood agent. Faulkner would keep to detect reliable piece of work as a screenwriter from the 1930s to the 1950s.^{[32] [38]}

Faulkner had an extramarital affair with Hawks' secretary and script girl, Meta Carpenter,^[46] afterwards known as Meta Wilde.^[47] The matter was chronicled in her book A Loving Gentleman.^[47]

In 1942, Faulkner tried to join the United States Air Force merely was rejected. He instead worked on local civil defence.^[48]

Final years and decease [edit]

When Faulkner visited Stockholm in Dec 1950 to receive the Nobel Prize, he met Else Jonsson (1912–1996), who was the widow of journalist Thorsten Jonsson (1910–1950). Jonsson was a reporter for Dagens Nyheter from 1943 to 1946, who had interviewed Faulkner in 1946 and introduced his works to Swedish readers. Faulkner and Else had an affair that lasted until the end of 1953. At the feast where they met in 1950, publisher Tor Bonnier introduced Else as the widow of the human being responsible for Faulkner winning the Nobel prize.^[49]

Faulkner's Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech on the immortality of the artists, although brief, contained a number of allusions and references to other literary works.^[50]

Faulkner served as the beginning Writer-in-Residence at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville from February to June 1957 and again in 1958.^{[51] [52]}

On June 17, 1962, Faulkner suffered a serious injury in a fall from his horse, which led to thrombosis. He suffered a fatal heart attack on July 6, 1962, at the age of 64, at Wright's Sanatorium in Byhalia, Mississippi.^{[5] [xi]} Faulkner is buried with his family in St. Peter'south Cemetery in Oxford, alongside the grave of an unidentified family friend, whose stone is marked only with the initials "East.T."^[53]

Writing [edit]

From the early on 1920s to the outbreak of World War II, Faulkner published 13 novels and many short stories. This trunk of work formed the ground of his reputation and earned him the Nobel Prize at age 52. Faulkner's prodigious output include celebrated novels such as The Audio and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Light in August (1932), and Absalom, Absalom! (1936). He was also a prolific writer of short stories.

Faulkner's get-go brusk story collection, These 13 (1931), includes many of his almost acclaimed (and most often anthologized) stories, including "A Rose for Emily", "Red Leaves", "That Evening Sunday", and "Dry September". He set many of his curt stories and novels in Yoknapatawpha County—which was based on and virtually geographically identical to Lafayette County (of which his hometown of Oxford, Mississippi, is the county seat). Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's "postage stamp stamp", and the bulk of work that it represents is widely considered by critics to corporeality to i of the most awe-inspiring fictional creations in the history of literature. 3 of his novels, The Village, The Boondocks and The Mansion, known collectively every bit the Snopes Trilogy, certificate the town of Jefferson and its environment, equally an extended family headed by Flem Snopes insinuates itself into the lives and psyches of the general populace.^[54]

His brusk story "A Rose for Emily" was his first story published in a major magazine, the Forum, but received little attention from the public. After revisions and reissues, it gained popularity and is now considered one of his best.

Faulkner was known for his experimental style with meticulous attending to diction and cadence. In contrast to the minimalist understatement of his contemporary Ernest Hemingway, Faulkner made frequent apply of "stream of consciousness" in his writing, and wrote often highly emotional, subtle, cerebral, complex, and sometimes Gothic or grotesque stories of a wide multifariousness of characters including quondam slaves or descendants of slaves, poor white, agrarian, or working-class Southerners, and Southern aristocrats.

In an interview with The Paris Review in 1956, Faulkner remarked:

Permit the writer take up surgery or bricklaying if he is interested in technique. There is no mechanical style to get the writing done, no shortcut. The immature writer would be a fool to follow a theory. Teach yourself past your own mistakes; people learn simply by error. The good creative person believes that nobody is good enough to give him advice. He has supreme vanity. No matter how much he admires the old writer, he wants to beat him.

Some other esteemed Southern writer, Flannery O'Connor, stated that "the presence alone of Faulkner in our midst makes a not bad difference in what the writer can and cannot permit himself to practice. Nobody wants his mule and carriage stalled on the same track the Dixie Express is roaring down".^[55]

Faulkner wrote ii volumes of poetry which were published in small printings, The Marble Faun (1924), and A Green Bough (1933), and a collection of mystery stories, Knight's Gambit (1949).

Legacy [edit]

Faulkner's work has been examined by many critics from a wide diversity of critical perspectives, including his position on slavery in the South and his view that desegregation was not an idea to be forced, arguing desegregation should "go boring" then as non to upend the southern way of life. The essayist and novelist James Baldwin was highly critical of his views effectually integration.^[56]

The New Critics became interested in Faulkner's work, with Cleanth Brooks writing The Yoknapatawpha Country and Michael Millgate writing The Achievement of William Faulkner. Since then, critics take looked at Faulkner'south work using other approaches, such as feminist and psychoanalytic methods.^{[32] [57]} Faulkner's works accept been placed within the literary traditions of modernism and the Southern Renaissance.^[58]

According to critic and translator Valerie Miles, Faulkner's influence on Latin American fiction is considerable, with fictional worlds created past Gabriel García Márquez (Macondo) and Juan Carlos Onetti (Santa Maria) being "very much in the vein of" Yoknapatawpha: "Carlos Fuentes's The Death of Artemio Cruz wouldn't exist if not for As I Lay Dying".^[59] Fuentes himself cited Faulkner every bit i of the nearly of import writers to him.^[60] Faulkner also had great influence on Mario Vargas Llosa, particularly on the early on novels The Time of the Hero, The Green House and Conversation in the Cathedral. Vargas Llosa has claimed that during his student years he learned more from Yoknapatawpha than from classes.^[61]

The works of William Faulkner are a clear influence on the French novelist Claude Simon,^[62] and the Portuguese novelist António Lobo Antunes.^[63]

After his death, Estelle and their daughter, Jill, lived at Rowan Oak until Estelle's expiry in 1972. The property was sold to the University of Mississippi that aforementioned year. The house and effects are maintained much equally they were in Faulkner'south twenty-four hour period. Faulkner's scribblings are preserved on the wall, including the twenty-four hour period-past-day outline covering a calendar week he wrote on the walls of his small report to assist him go along track of the plot twists in his novel, A Fable.^[64]

Faulkner'due south final work, The Reivers, was adjusted into a 1969 film starring Steve McQueen.^[65]

Some of Faulkner'due south works have been adapted into films such as James Franco'southward Every bit I Lay Dying (2013). They take received a polarized response, with many critics contending that Faulkner's works are "unfilmable".^[66]

A portrait of Faulkner smoking a pipe features in the BOSS coffee logo.

Awards [edit]

Faulkner was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel".^[67] It was awarded at the following year's banquet forth with the 1950 Prize to Bertrand Russell.^[68] Faulkner detested the fame and celebrity that resulted from his recognition. His aversion was then great that his 17-year-erstwhile daughter learned of the Nobel Prize only when she was called to the primary's office during the schoolhouse twenty-four hours.^[69]

He donated function of his Nobel money "to found a fund to support and encourage new fiction writers", eventually resulting in the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction, and donated some other function to a local Oxford depository financial institution, establishing a scholarship fund to aid educate African-American teachers at Rust Higher in nearby Holly Springs, Mississippi. The authorities of French republic made Faulkner a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 1951.

Faulkner was awarded ii Pulitzer Prizes for what are considered "minor" novels: his 1954 novel A Legend, which took the Pulitzer in 1955, and the 1962 novel, The Reivers, which was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer in 1963.^[iii] (The award for A Legend was a controversial political option. The jury had selected Milton Lott's The Last Hunt for the prize, but Pulitzer Prize Administrator Professor John Hohenberg convinced the Pulitzer lath that Faulkner was long overdue for the award, despite A Fable being a lesser work of his, and the board overrode the jury's selection, much to the disgust of its members.)^[70] He also won the U.S. National Book Honour twice, for Collected Stories in 1951^[71] and A Fable in 1955.^[72] In 1946 he was one of 3 finalists for the first Ellery Queen Mystery Mag Laurels and placed second to Rhea Galati.^[73]

The U.s. Mail service issued a 22-cent postage stamp stamp in his award on Baronial 3, 1987.^[74] Faulkner had once served as Postmaster at the Academy of Mississippi, and in his alphabetic character of resignation in 1923 wrote:

Every bit long as I live nether the capitalistic arrangement, I wait to have my life influenced by the demands of moneyed people. But I will be damned if I propose to exist at the beck and call of every itinerant scoundrel who has ii cents to invest in a stamp stamp. This, sir, is my resignation.^[75]

On October 10, 2019, a Mississippi Writers Trail historical marking was installed at Rowan Oak in Oxford, Mississippi honoring the contributions of William Faulkner to the American literary landscape.^[76]

Collections [edit]

The manuscripts of almost of Faulkner's works, correspondence, personal papers, and over 300 books from his working library reside at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the Academy of Virginia, where he spent much of his fourth dimension in his final years. The library too houses some of the writer'southward personal effects and the papers of major Faulkner associates and scholars, such every bit his biographer Joseph Blotner, bibliographer Linton Massey, and Random House editor Albert Erskine.

Southeast Missouri State Academy, where the Center for Faulkner Studies is located, likewise owns a generous collection of Faulkner materials, including first editions, manuscripts, messages, photographs, artwork, and many materials pertaining to Faulkner's fourth dimension in Hollywood. The university possesses many personal files and letters kept by Joseph Blotner, along with books and letters that once belonged to Malcolm Cowley. The university achieved the collection due to a generous donation by Louis Daniel Brodsky, a collector of Faulkner materials, in 1989.

Further significant Faulkner materials reside at the University of Mississippi, the Harry Ransom Center, and the New York Public Library.

The Random House records at Columbia Academy also include letters by and to Faulkner.^{[77] [78]}

In 1966, the U.s.a. Military Academy dedicated a William Faulkner Room in its library.^[48]

Disquisitional reception [edit]

Faulkner's contemporary critical reception was mixed, with The New York Times noting that many critics regarded his piece of work every bit "raw slabs of pseudorealism that had relatively footling merit as serious writing".^[6]

In 1998, the Mod Library ranked his 1929 novel The Sound and the Fury 6th on its listing of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century; besides on the listing were As I Lay Dying (1930) and Light in August (1932). Absalom, Absalom! (1936) appears on similar lists.^{[79] [eighty]}

Selected list of works [edit]

• The Audio and the Fury (1929)
• As I Lay Dying (1930)
• Lite in August (1932)
• Absalom, Absalom! (1936)
• The Wild Palms (1939)
• Go Downwardly, Moses (1942)
• The Reivers (1962)

Filmography [edit]

• Mankind (1932)
• Today Nosotros Live (1933)
• The Story of Temple Drake (1933)
• Submarine Patrol (1938)
• Air Force (1943)
• To Have and Have Not (1944)
• The Big Sleep (1946)

Notes and references [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ The original version was issued as Flags in the Grit in 1973.

Citations and references [edit]

1. ^ "Faulkner, William". Lexico U.s.a. English language Dictionary. Oxford University Press. north.d.
2. ^ "Faulkner". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Fiction" Archived May 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Past winners & finalists by category. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
4. ^ Minter (1980), p. 1.
5. ^ ^{a b c d due east} MWP: William Faulkner (1897–1962) Archived November 1, 2015, at the Wayback Auto, OleMiss.edu; accessed September 26, 2017.
6. ^ ^{a b} "Faulkner's Home, Family and Heritage Were Genesis of Yoknapatawpha County". The New York Times. July 7, 1962. Archived from the original on Dec xviii, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
7. ^ "Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad". American-Rails.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
8. ^ Minter (1980), p. 7.
9. ^ Minter (1980), p. 8.
10. ^ ^{a b c d} Minter, David L. William Faulkner, His Life and Work. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Printing, 1980; ISBN 0-8018-2347-1
11. ^ ^{a b} William Faulkner on Nobelprize.org
12. ^ Minter (1980), p. 8.
13. ^ Coughlan, pg. 38
14. ^ Parini (2004), pp. 22–29.
15. ^ Parini (2004), pp. 36–37.
16. ^ Padgett, John (November 11, 2008). "Mississippi Writers' Page: William Faulkner". The University of Mississippi. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
17. ^ ^{a b} Coughlan, Robert. The Private World of William Faulkner, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953.
18. ^ Zeitlin (2016), p. fifteen.
19. ^ Zeitlin (2016), pp. xv—17.
20. ^ Zeitlin (2016), pp. 17, twenty.
21. ^ Zeitlin (2016), pp. 17—xviii.
22. ^ Watson, James K. (2002). William Faulkner: Cocky-Presentation and Performance. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN978-0-292-79151-0.
23. ^ Zeitlin (2016), pp. 24—25.
24. ^ Zeitlin (2016), pp. 26–27.
25. ^ Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: pp. 63–64. ISBN 0-86576-008-X
26. ^ "University of Mississippi: William Faulkner". Olemiss.edu. Archived from the original on September 22, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010.
27. ^ ^{a b c} Porter, Carolyn. William Faulkner Archived December ii, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007; ISBN 0-19-531049-7
28. ^ Koch (2007), p. 57.
29. ^ Koch (2007), pp. 55—56.
30. ^ Koch (2007), pp. 56, 58.
31. ^ Koch (2007), pp. 58.
32. ^ ^{a b c d} Hannon, Charles. "Faulkner, William". The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature. Jay Parini (2004), Oxford University Press, Inc. The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature: (e-reference edition). Oxford University Press.
33. ^ "Pirate's Alley Faulkner Guild Featuring Words & Music". Wordsandmusic.org. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
34. ^ McKay (2009), p. 119—121.
35. ^ McKay (2009), p. 119.
36. ^ Porter, Carolyn. William Faulkner Archived December two, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007; ISBN 0-19-531049-7, pg. 37
37. ^ Parini (2004), p. 142.
38. ^ ^{a b} Williamson, Joel. William Faulkner and Southern History Archived March five, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York: Oxford University Printing, 1993; ISBN 0-19-510129-four.
39. ^ ^{a b} Bartunek (2017), p. 98.
40. ^ ^{a b} Bleikasten (2017), p. 218.
41. ^ ^{a b} Solomon, Stefan (2017). William Faulkner in Hollywood: Screenwriting for the Studios. Athens: University of Georgia. p. 1. ISBN9780820351148. Archived from the original on May 29, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
42. ^ Bartunek (2017), p. 100.
43. ^ Solomon, Stefan (2017). William Faulkner in Hollywood: Screenwriting for the Studios. Athens: University of Georgia. p. i. ISBN9780820351148. Archived from the original on May 29, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
44. ^ Bleikasten (2017), pp. 215–220.
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Works cited [edit]

• Bartunek, C. J. (Summer 2017). "The Wasteland Revisited: William Faulkner's First Year in Hollywood". Southward Atlantic Review. 82 (two): 97–116. JSTOR 90013647.
• Capps, Jack L. (Leap 1966). "Westward Indicate'southward William Faulkner Room". The Georgia Review. 20 (1): 3–8. JSTOR 41396230.
• William Faulkner: Novels 1930–1935 (Joseph Blotner and Noel Polk, ed.) (Library of America, 1985) ISBN 978-0-940450-26-4
• William Faulkner: Novels 1936–1940 (Joseph Blotner and Noel Polk, eds.) (Library of America, 1990) ISBN 978-0-940450-55-4
• William Faulkner: Novels 1942–1954 (Joseph Blotner and Noel Polk, eds.) (Library of America, 1994) ISBN 978-0-940450-85-1
• William Faulkner: Novels 1957–1962 (Noel Polk, ed., with notes past Joseph Blotner) (Library of America, 1999) ISBN 978-one-883011-69-7
• William Faulkner: Novels 1926–1929 (Joseph Blotner and Noel Polk, eds.) (Library of America, 2006) ISBN 978-one-931082-89-i
• The Portable Faulkner, ed. Malcolm Cowley ( Viking Printing, 1946). ISBN 978-0-14-243728-five
• Blotner, Joseph. Faulkner: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1974. ii vols.
• Blotner, Joseph. Faulkner: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1984.
• Fowler, Doreen, Abadie, Ann. Faulkner and Popular Culture: Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1990 ISBN 0-87805-434-0, ISBN 978-0-87805-434-3
• Jaillant, Lise. "'I'yard Afraid I've Got Involved With a Nut': New Faulkner Letters." Southern Literary Journal 47.1 (2014): 98–114. Archived May 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
• Kerr, Elizabeth Margaret, and Kerr, Michael M. William Faulkner'south Yoknapatawpha: A Kind of Keystone in the Universe. Fordham Univ Printing, 1985 ISBN 0-8232-1135-five, ISBN 978-0-8232-1135-7
• Koch, Benjamin (Winter 2007). "The French Quarter Amateur: William Faulkner's Modernist Evolution". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Clan. 48 (1): 55–68. JSTOR 4234243.
• Liénard-Yeterian, Marie. 'Faulkner et le cinéma', Paris: Michel Houdiard Editeur, 2010.ISBN 978-ii-35692-037-9
• Minter, David L. (1980). William Faulkner, his life and work. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• McKay, David (Autumn 2009). "Faulkner's Commencement State of war: Conflict, Mimesis, and the Resonance of Defeat". South Central Review. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 26 (three): 119–130. doi:x.1353/scr.0.0062. JSTOR 40645990. S2CID 144583260.
• Sensibar, Judith L. The Origins of Faulkner's Fine art. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984. ISBN 0-292-79020-i
• Sensibar, Judith L. Faulkner and Dearest: The Women Who Shaped His Art, A Biography. New Oasis: Yale Academy Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-300-16568-5
• Sensibar, Judith Fifty. Vision in Spring. Austin: Academy of Texas Printing, 1984. ISBN 0-292-78712-X.
• Parini, Jay (2004). One Matchless Time: A Life of William Faulkner. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 22–29. ISBN0-06-621072-0.
• Rosella Mamoli Zorzi (2000). William Faulkner in Venice : proceedings of the International Conference Language, Stylistics, Translations. Venice: Marsilio. p. 347. ISBN9788831776264. OCLC 634327206 – via references.
• Rife, David (March 1983). "Rex Stout and William Faulkner'south Nobel Prize Spoken language". Journal of Mod Literature. Indiana University Press. ten (1): 151–152. JSTOR 3831202.
• Zeitlin, Michael (Spring 2016). "Faulkner and the Royal Air Force Canada, 1918". The Faulkner Periodical. Johns Hopkins Academy. xxx (1): fifteen–38. doi:10.1353/fau.2016.0009. JSTOR 44578811. S2CID 165335050.
• Bleikasten, André (2017). William Faulkner: A Life through Novels. Bloomington: Indiana University. p. 218. ISBN9780253023322 . Retrieved February 13, 2020.

External links [edit]

• Works by William Faulkner in eBook course at Standard Ebooks
• Works by William Faulkner at Faded Page (Canada)
• Works by or most William Faulkner at Internet Archive
• Works past William Faulkner at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• William Faulkner at IMDb
• Digital Yoknapatawpha
• Faulkner at Virginia: An Audio Archive

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner

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